The Role of the Witches in Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay...

I found responding to the play ‘Macbeth’ difficult because of the era it was written in. Shakespeare wrote the play between 1603-1606 when attitudes were completely different to the attitudes of society today, in particular, widespread belief in witchcraft. In contrast to today, when not many people believe in such things. They used to be feared. They were considered evil, ugly and vindictive. They did not belong to this world, they were ‘supernatural’, with supernatural powers. In the play the witches plant ideas into Macbeth’s head, which affects his inner soul. He changes from an honourable soldier to a vindictive murderer. We are introduced to Macbeth in the beginning when he is returning from the battlefield where he proved himself a†¦show more content†¦However, I fully appreciate that the language of Shakespeare contains a richness of meaning that was fully understood at the time and that one must spend some time in decoding the meanin g today. The language of the witches is even more mysterious and cryptic, to reflect their mysterious and cryptic nature. In act 1, scene 1, the first witch says line 1 â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, light or in rain?† This is not the English that we use today and makes it difficult to understand. But it does have a poetic feel to it, which shows that Shakespeare was also a poet. This is reinforced because of words that he made up, for example â€Å"I come, Graymalkin!†. He tended to use rhyming words more with the witches to suggest that they have magical powers, which the other characters do not. In Act 1, scene 1 line 4 the witches will meet â€Å"when the battle’s lost and won†, demonstrating the ambiguity in their speech. The battle is going to be ‘lost’ and ‘won’ suggesting they have no affiliation to one side or the other, they are indifferent to the outcome and the subsequent loss of life. They are monsters! The language that the main characters use is different from that of the witches and seems to show that they are upper class people. For example, in Act, scene 3, line 69 Macbeth says â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more†. This not only demonstrates Macbeth’s eloquent way of speaking but also that the witch’s speech is ‘imperfect’. TheyShow MoreRelated The Role of the Witches in the Downfall of Shakespeares MacBeth688 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of the Witches in the Downfall of Shakespeares MacBeth MacBeth by William Shakespeare is a play which shows the uprise of MacBeth, the treachery and his eventual downfall. Witchcraft plays a major part in MacBeths actions and his weak character is easily manipulated. Although being an honest and brave man earlier, his ambition clouds his judgement. His life is tragic and through some terrible deeds ends in catastrophe. MacBeth is Thane of Glamis and a highly honorable and respectedRead More Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Role of the Witches1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of the Witches in Macbeth  Ã‚   When Shakespeare wrote his play, Macbeth in 1606 a large majority of people were interested in witchcraft. This is why Shakespeare made the witches and the witches’ prophecies play a major part in the storyline of the play. In the time of Macbeth witches were not thought to be supernatural beings themselves, but supposedly gained their powers by selling their souls to Satan. There can be little doubt that most of Shakespeare’s audience would have believedRead MoreThe Roles of Witches in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roles of Witches in William Shakespeares Macbeth In the Elizabethan times, the people believed in witches and witchcraft. They were described as ugly and evil. Nowadays the people would not believe in them. The people in the Elizabethan times would be very scared of witches. This was equivalent to the people of nowadays being frightened about terrorists. The people thought that they were powerful beings. They thought that they would cast spells on them; they thoughtRead More The Role of Witches in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1881 Words   |  8 PagesThe Role of Witches in William Shakespeares Macbeth In Macbeth the witches make a huge contribution to the play and the way it comes across to an audience. The witches portray many themes in Macbeth, such as the theme of fate, and the way that they are supposed to have the power of changing someones fate, and the way they can control people using their power. The witches also depict a theme of pure evil, and the way they treat others in the play shows this. ReligionRead MoreImportance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Throughout all of history, witches are known for practicing magic and creating prophecies to predict any future. In any scene involving witches, it is important to know their role in the play, whether they change the outcome of the play or simply influenced it, and the supernatural features the play comes along with in its time. In No Fear Shakespeare Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the play starts out with the three witches. The witches wereRead More Shakespeares Macbeth - Renaissance Humanism Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the witches present in Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth assume the role of supernatural beings, it was not Shakespeare’s intent to portray a classic case of fatalism. On the contrary, Shakespeare used Macbeth as a way to display the idea of Renaissance humanism. Although the witches did in fact possess uncanny powers, they were in reality not controlling Macbeth, but rather they were tempting Macbeth to act in particular ways. The witches, as well as other significant characters, may haveRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"something wicked†? (4.1.45) In Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Macbeth, the answer to this question is played out. At the beginning of the play, the main character, Macbeth, is deemed â€Å"valiant† (1.2.24) and â€Å"noble† (1.2.68); however, after his encounter with the witches, his dark side starts to bubble up. As such, the Weird Sisters symbolize the u biquitous evil that is in the world and present the theme man’s susceptibility to temptation. While the witches do play an essential role in Macbeth’s demise; ultimatelyRead MoreMacbeth As A Tyrant Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare wrote Macbeth in 1606, during the reign of James I, who was James IV of Scotland before he became the King of England. James I, was a sponsor of Shakespeare’s theatre, so it is clear that Shakespeare’s work was affected by James I’s sensitivities. Murder and intrigue was a part of the Scottish Reign when James was growing, and in fact, James’s father was murdered when he was just a baby. Macbeth tells the story of a Scottish general who, through prophecies received from three witches and manipulationsRead MoreShakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare987 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth was first written and performed over four hundred years ago in the early seventeenth century. It has survived the tests of time and is now repeatedly being reproduced for cinematic viewing, from one of the most recent productions created in 2010 by director Rupert Goold, to an older more rustic film directed by Roman Polanski in 1971. However, lacking either detailed instructions or Shakespeare himself, each of these directors interpreted Shakespeare’s original work in differentRead MoreLady Macbeth as the Real Driving Force Behind the Murder of King Duncan988 Words   |  4 PagesLady Macbeth as the Real Driving Force Behind the Murder of King Duncan Even though Macbeth is actually the murderer of King Duncan, It appears that he commits this murder reluctantly and should not be blamed for the murder or bear the full responsibility of the murder. The three witches and Lady Macbeth actually played significant roles in cajoling Macbeth into committing the murder and could be argued that Lady Macbeth is the real driving

Climate Change Global Warming - 1843 Words

A tremendous amount of concern regarding climate change has emerged recently as most of the human population is adversely affected by it and adapting to current and projected rates of climate change could be very challenging. There have been observed increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, rising global sea level and small increase in growing seasons (Learner, 2007). Although climate change is attributed to both natural processes and human activities, this term has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming (Berliner, 2003). Humans have been modifying the environment with processes associated with industrialisation and urbanisation, resulting in increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The excess amounts of CO2 generated primarily due to burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, as well as the release of gases such as methane, nitrous dioxide, aerosols and other pollutants has led to the enhanced greenhous e effect, causing an unnatural warming of the Earth’s surface (Berliner, 2003). It is estimated that the global temperature will increase substantially by the year 2100 and that this warming will have widespread and irreversible impacts on human life and natural ecosystems (Learner, 2007). Therefore, there is a universal consensus for the need to deeply cut CO2 emissions to limit this temperature growth to below 2 degrees Celsius (McKibben, 2010). Since the atmosphere is a globally sharedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concernsRead MoreClimate Change Of Global Warming924 Words   |  4 Pages Figure 0.1 shows the different effects of global warming. Global warming is the warming of our planet at an extreme rate. The Earth’s climate has warmed by 7.8OC since 1880. (Quick facts about science, 2015). What causes global warming? The cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide. This acts like a blanket. Protecting the earth, and heating the earth. Sun rays would normally bounce around the earth, but with the blanket, the sun rays heat the blanket which heats the earth. (Petersen ScienceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1398 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming and climate change have been frequent topics of discussion over the past several years. Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is generating such a rapid global temperature change. It’s time that the ways in which humanity affectsRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1060 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change (Klaus) 1000 The terms â€Å"global warming†, â€Å"climate change† or â€Å"greenhouse effect† have become more than just parts of the popular lexicon as they rather are subject of public discussions, scientific research or political debates. Despite the popularity and the ubiquity of these terms, the public’s theoretical and conceptual understanding of them and their causal relations is often based on superficial knowledge and buzzwords or caricatures outlined and depicted in several popular mediaRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1194 Words   |  5 PagesDonya Curtis April 19, 2017 English 1001-rough draft Global Warming Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth s surface air and oceans from the mid 20th century and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120 fold in the past 140 years. WhileRead MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1022 Words   |  5 PagesWhat = Climate Change Who = Emma, Aoife, Julia, Rachael, Mariah and Cà ©line What is it? Climate Change is a change in the demographic distribution of weather patterns, and related change in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, happening over time scales of decades or longer. It’s the world’s greatest threat. Climate change is the change in temperature over a period of time. It involves the greenhouse effect and global warming. Where is it? It is an issue affecting everyone everywhere. ClimateRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1474 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon, known as â€Å"smog† became an often daily occurrence in big, urbanized cites across the globe. Also, Al Gore’s book, An Inconvenient Truth, popularized the issue of climate change and global warming as a result of the damage that the modern world has done to the atmosphere. He noted that people resist the facts about climate change due to the inconvenience of changing their lifestyles. But, uninhibited industrialization of several countries has led to intense modernization and revolution of theRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming928 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will discuss climate change and global warming on the economy. The paper also gives a description on climate change and global warming. As well as what it hold for future business owners. It will also discuss what the government is doing about climate change/global warming. Climate change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather (including its averages). For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal (expected average values for temperature and precipitation)Read MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1630 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Related Threats Global warming will lead to uncontrollable devastation such as famine, war, and economic instability. Climate change will accelerate the dislocation of hundreds of millions of people and the extinction of many species. The negative effects of climate change are obvious on every continent. Professor Le Quere, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia said, The human influence on climate change is clear. The atmosphere and

Basics of Ict Free Essays

Define the term â€Å"computer† in detail and describe different generations of computer. Q. 3 What are input devices? Explain it with the help of different examples. We will write a custom essay sample on Basics of Ict or any similar topic only for you Order Now Q. 4 The major and positive influences of CIT can be seen in many different fields/ areas such as education, business, training and health etc. Select any one area and explain with the help of examples? Q. 5 Write a note on the following: I) Microprocessor, Main Memory and Secondary Storage Devices Electronic Mail (e-mail) ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 Total Marks: 100 Q. 1 What is meant by software? Explain different types of software, development of software and software distribution. Q. 2 What is meant by operating system? Also describe different functions of an operating system. Network topologies with the help of suitable example. Q. 4 What is meant by the term multimedia? Also explain: a) Different components of multimedia. B) Different applications of multimedia. Q. 5 Explain any two high level computer languages along with important features. Course Code: 1431 (Bachelor Level) Course Title: Basics of CIT credit Hours: 3 (3+0) Session Offered: As per offering schedule Recommended Book: Computer Fundamentals by PC Sinai, BP Publications 4th Edition 2007 Audience/ Multimedia CD: Will be developed Reference Book: Computer Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive Guide to ICC by Connie Morrison and Dolores Wells (August 2009) 3rd Edition. Pre-Requisite: None Course Coordinator: Department of Computer Science, LILLO Teaching Methodology: Distance Learning/Online Course Introduction: The course is aimed to provide an outline of compute, its uses, development, Components, Input, Output devices, Hardware, and Software. The course also covers fundamentals and use of ‘CT. Course Objectives: After completing the course the students should be able to: 1. Understand the role and importance of CIT in today’s society. . Identify various components of a computer system 3. Understand basics of data communication and networking of computer systems. 4. Understands basics of windows operating system and its functionality. 5. Understand basic concepts of multimedia and identify and use various multimedia components. 6. Understand basic concepts of computer languages. Evaluation Criteria: I) Assignments (02) 30% it) Final Examination 70% Course Outlines: Unit No. Introduction to CIT Introduction to CIT and definitions, CIT Application Examples, CIT as an Aid to Unit No. 2 Overview and Organization of Computers History and Development of Computer, Generations of Computer, Types of Computer, Classification of Computer, Applications of Computer, Buses, Ports, Microprocessor, Main Memory, Motherboard of Computer System, Secondary Storage Devices. Unit No. 3 Input Devices Keyboard Devices, Point and Draw Devices, Digitized, Speech Recognitio n Devices, Data Scanning Devices (Image Scanner, OCCUR, OMAR, BCC, MICE), Electronic Card Reader, and Vision-leant System. Unit No. 4 Output Devices Monitor (Graphic Adopter, Size, Resolution, and Types of Monitors), Printers and Types (Dot-Matrix, Ink Jet, Drum, Chain/Band, and Laser), Plotters (Raster Pen), Presentation Graphics, Special Function Terminal (Tams, POSS.), Multimedia Projector, and Voice Response Systems (Voice Reproduction System, Speech Synthesizer). Unit No. 5 Computer Software Introduction, How Software Work How to cite Basics of Ict, Papers

Imf in Nepal free essay sample

During the end of the World War II, many countries started mulling the plight of the future world. There were valid concerns about reconstruction of devasted areas, and re-building and developing the war-hit economies. Remarkable decisions were made in Bretton Woods conference in 1944 to boost international trade and economic growth, and to achieve monetary stability in the global economy. Along with IMF (International Monetary Fund), IBRD (World Bank) and ITO (International Trade Organization) were the outcomes of the historical Bretton Woods Conference. However, in this report we focus on IMF as a financial institution and its activities and contribution in Nepalese economy. 1. 2 Objectives of the study †¢ To know about the IMF’s role in Strengthening the International Financial System †¢ To know the role of IMF in resolving economic crisis. To find out the impact of IMF in monetary policy. To know the IMF’s role to meet the changing needs of its member countries in an evolving world economy. †¢ To find out the impact of IMF in Nepalese economy. †¢ To know about the IMF lending in Nepal. 1. 3 Importance of the study The following are the points, which throw light on the importance of this fieldwork: †¢ It serves as the partial fulfillment of requirement of B. B. A. program. It has helped us to boost up our confidence. †¢ It has helped us to gain an experience of working in group. It might be useful for the other researchers, who can take it to be their guideline. †¢ It might be useful for the library, so that any student wanting to prepare a report on such field can have some ideas and basic guidelines. 1. 4 Limitations of the study This study has the following limitations: †¢ We had to collect the information in very short period of time so all the required information couldn’t be collected adequately. †¢ All expenses related to this project are managed by students themselves. We could not find information as the source of relevant information and data was only internet and book. The help and cooperation provided by the personal administration of the department was not sufficient. †¢ The researcher couldn’t go beyond the responses provided. Chapter 2 An introduction to IMF The IMF is the worlds central organization for international monetary cooperation. It is an organization in which almost all countries in the world work together to promote the common good. The IMFs primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to buy goods and services from each other. This is essential for sustainable economic growth and rising living standards. The IMF is an international organization of 185 member countries. It was established to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements; to foster economic growth and high levels of mployment; and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment. Since the IMF was established its purposes have remained unchanged but its operations—which involve surveillance, financial assistance, and technical assistance—have developed to meet the changing needs of its member countries in an evolving world economy. 2. 1 The origins of IMF The IMF was conceived in July 1944, when representatives of 45 governments meeting in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the northeastern United States, agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation. They believed that such a framework was necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. During that decade, attempts by countries to shore up their failing economies—by limiting imports, devaluing their currencies to compete against each other for export markets, and curtailing their citizens freedom to buy goods abroad and to hold foreign exchange—proved to be self-defeating. World trade declined sharply, and employment and living standards plummeted in many countries. Seeking to restore order to international monetary relations, the IMFs founders charged the new institution with overseeing the international monetary system to ensure exchange rate stability and encouraging member countries to eliminate exchange restrictions that hindered trade. The IMF came into existence in December 1945, when its first 29 member countries signed its Articles of Agreement. Since then, the IMF has adapted itself as often as needed to keep up with the expansion of its membership—185 countries as of June 2006—and changes in the world economy. The IMFs membership jumped sharply in the 1960s, when a large number of former colonial territories joined after gaining their independence, and again in the 1990s, when the IMF welcomed as members the countries of the former Soviet bloc upon the latters dissolution. The needs of the new developing and transition country members were different from those of the IMFs founding members, calling for the IMF to adapt its instruments. Other major challenges to which it has adapted include the end of the par value system and emergence of generalized floating exchange rates among the major currencies following the United States abandonment in 1971 of the convertibility of U. S. dollars to gold; the oil price shocks of the 1970s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s; the crises in emerging financial markets, in Mexico and Asia, in the 1990s; and the Argentine debt default of 2001. Despite the crises and challenges of the postwar years, real incomes have grown at an unprecedented rate worldwide, thanks in part to better economic policies that have spurred the growth of international trade—which has increased from about 8 percent of world GDP in 1948 to about 25 percent today—and smoothed boom-and bust cycles. But the benefits have not flowed equally to all countries or to all individuals within countries. Poverty has declined dramatically in many countries but remains entrenched in others, especially in Africa. The IMF works both independently and in collaboration with the World Bank to help its poorest member countries build the institutions and develop the policies they need to achieve sustainable economic growth and raise living standards. The IMF has continued to develop new initiatives and to reform its policies and operations to help member countries meet new challenges and to enable them to benefit from globalization and to manage and mitigate the risks associated with it. Cross-border financial flows have increased sharply in recent decades, deepening the economic integration and interdependence of countries, which has been beneficial overall although it has increased the risk of financial crisis. The emerging market countries—countries whose financial markets are in an early stage of development and international integration—of Asia and Latin America are particularly vulnerable to volatile capital flows. And crises in emerging market countries can spill over to other countries, even the richest. Particularly since the mid-1990s, the IMF has made major efforts to help countries prevent crises and to manage and resolve those that occur. Globalization, poverty, the inevitability of occasional crises in a dynamic world economy—and, no doubt, future problems impossible to foresee—make it likely that the IMF will continue to play an important role in helping countries work together for their mutual benefit for many years to come. 2. 2 Purposes of IMF †¢ To promote international cooperation by providing the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary issues †¢ To acilitate balanced growth of international trade and its expansion so as to contribute to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development for the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy. †¢ To promote exchange stability and orderly exchange arrangements among its members. †¢ To foster a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and seek elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of world trade. To provide financial resources temporarily to correct maladjustment in BOPs. †¢ To shorten the duration and magnitude of payment imbalances. 2. 3 IMF’s Organization and Operation The IMF is governed by, and is accountable to, its member countries through its Board of Governors. There is one Governor from each member country, typically the finance minister or central bank governor. The Governors usually meet once a year, in September or October, at the Annual Meetings of the IMF and the World Bank. Key policy issues related to the international monetary system are considered twice a year by a committee of Governors called the International Monetary and Financial Committee, or the IMFC. A joint committee of the Boards of Governors of the IMF and the World Bank—the Development Committee—advises and reports to the Governors on development policy and other matters of concern to developing countries. The day-to-day work of the IMF is carried out by the Executive Board, which receives its powers from the Board of Governors, and the IMFs internationally recruited staff. The Executive Board usually meets three times a week, in full-day sessions, and more often if needed, at the IMFs headquarters in Washington, D. C. Of the 24 Executive Directors on the Board, 8 are appointed by single countries—the IMFs 5 largest quota-holders (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom) and China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. The other 16 Executive Directors are elected for two-year terms by groups of countries known as constituencies. The Executive Board selects the IMFs Managing Director, who is appointed for a renewable five-year term. The Managing Director reports to the Board and serves as its chair and the chief of the IMFs staff and is assisted by a First Deputy Managing Director and two other Deputy Managing Directors. Unlike some international organizations (such as the United Nations General Assembly) that operate under a one-country-one-vote principle, the IMF has a weighted voting system. The larger a countrys quota in the IMF—determined broadly by its economic size—the more votes the country has, in addition to its basic votes, of which each member has an equal number. But the Board rarely makes decisions based on formal voting; most decisions are based on consensus. In the early 2000s, in response to changes in the weight and role of countries in the world economy, the IMF began to reexamine the distribution of quotas and voting power to ensure that all members are fairly represented. IMF employees, who come from over 140 countries, are international civil servants. Their responsibility is to the IMF, not to the national authorities of the countries of which they are citizens. About one-half of the IMFs approximately 2,700 staff members are economists. Most staff works at the IMFs Washington, D. C. , headquarters, but the IMF also has over 85 resident representatives posted in member countries around the world. In addition, it maintains offices in Brussels, Paris, and Tokyo, which are responsible for liaison with other international and regional institutions and civil society organizations, as well as in New York and Geneva, which focus on liaison with institutions in the UN system. The Geneva office is also responsible for liaison with the World Trade Organization. Evaluating the IMFs operations: In 2001, the IMFs Executive Board established the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), which reviews selected IMF operations and presents its findings to the Board and to IMF management. The IEO operates independently of management and at arms length from the Board, although the Board appoints the IEOs director. The IEO establishes its own work program, selecting operations for review based on suggestions from stakeholders inside and outside the IMF. Its recommendations strongly influence IMF policy and activity.

Marriage Relationships Essays - Religious Views On Birth Control

Marriage Relationships In marriage realtionships we expected to learn a number of things including the comprimises couple must make with respect to such things as careers, finances, and children. Our initial impressions were that couples must be willing to make these sacrifices in order to have a long and fulfilling relationship with their spouse. In our discussion on pre-marital sex we both agreed that it was fine as long as it was done responsibly, meaning with the use of contraceptives. We stressed contraceptives because we felt that it was important not only to protect against pregnancy but as well as sexually transmitted diseases. We did however experience one conflict. Laura felt that love and serious committment should play a major role in whether or not a couple should have sex prior to marriage. I on the other hand was a little "looser" on the subject. I felt that it should mean something but that there was too much emphazes being placed on serious committment. On the subject of contraception anf family planning we had no disagreements. We felt that before having children we must first be able to establish ourselves financially. So once our respective careers were settled upon we could then plan when we would have children. However, until we did decide to have children we agreed that contraception would be used. The discussion we had on which topics which couples should agree upon was filled with lots of disagreements. We agreed that couples should agree on topics such as issues concerning the children, and major career decisions. We began to disagree on the issues of finances and the distribution of housework. I felt that I should handle all the money as well as do my share of the housework. Laura however, felt that she should be in charge of the money and that I should do all the housework. In the end we weren't able to settle on anything but we realized that it was important for married couple to agree on these topics because they are major decisions that affect both equally. The time we spent together was on our lunches and we discussed different aspects for marriage. We realized that couples who were willing to comprimize on important issues were the couple that would be sucessful. The ones that didn't discuss the various problems which concerned them could never have lasting relationships. This is why we felt that marriage preparation courses are so important. People should not get involved in something as important a marriage without knowing what to expect of their partner and of what is expected of them.

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt This is a great Halloween scavenger hunt that will have your students scavenging online for the answers to the questions below. Scavenger Hunt Directions Find the answers to questions 1 - 20 (below) on the following pages to complete the following Halloween Scavenger Hunt. Halloween Questions 1. What kind of worms are in wormy apples? 2. What do you get when you cross a Snowman with a Vampire? 3. Name the Halloween Haunted House in Bentleyville, PA. 4. Where does the name Halloween come from? 5. In what year did the Salem witchcraft trials occur? 6. What color should the Walkman box be sprayed in order to complete the Walkman costume? 7. In Halloween Checkers, what type of creature is on your pieces? 8. What label should you look for when purchasing costumes? 9. What do you make the Halloween Spiders legs out of? 10. Who wrote The House of Seven Gables? 11. What three ingredients are needed to make Goopy Slime? 12. In the Easy Halloween Maze, what are you trying to help the skeleton find his way to? 13. Who wrote The Raven? 14. What sign should hang over the entrance to a Harry Potter Halloween party? 15. Where can you see memorabilia from pirates like Blackbeard? Happy hunting!

Ideation techniques on green hotels with potential,profiling of green Literature review

Ideation techniques on green hotels with potential,profiling of green hotels and environmental impacts on green hotels - Literature review Example The most neglected area for the small and medium scale enterprises while using the ICT is the environmental sustainability in the various business activities (Cobanoglu, 2010; Ruiz-Molina, Gil-Saura and Moliner-Velazquez, 2010). Estimations suggests that 75 percent of the environmental impacts done by the hotels are due to the excessive consumption of water, energy, non durable goods and various types of waste emission released into soil, water and air. Therefore, the hotels should think about ways that may reduce these environmental impacts and also make the stakeholders and customers aware of this fact. Some of the recent studies have suggested from the perspective of the guest, the importance of green practices in hotels (Han, et al., 2011; Lee, et al., 2010). The first study suggested that the hotel should design effective communication strategies that would highlight their green services and products regarding the development of green positioning strategy and green image. The co nsumers while going with their lodging decision often gives importance to such factors. The main motive was that the consumers thought that by choosing a green hotel they are contributing towards saving of the green environment for their children. It has been stated in the second study that going green also provides marketing advantage, especially in understanding the attitudinal profile of the customers towards eco-friendliness. The eco-friendly hotels that use material, water and energy efficiently along with providing quality services are termed as â€Å"green hotels†. They harmonize environmental sustainability and tourism. The businesses that are environmentally responsible are maintaining a good place in the new found popularity for ecotourism. The hotels are seen to be getting greener consistently. 2. Benefits of Green Hotel A specific mindset and flamboyance is represented to the existing and the potential customers by the Green hotels. As suggested by the global tren ds since 1990s the hospitality industry has seen the commencement of environmental conscious product and services. Studies have suggested that hotel guests are seen to be more inclined towards the green hotels and are motivated towards preserving the natural environment not only for their future generation and children but also for their well-being. These factors are also found to reflect the reason for brand choice (Lee, et al., 2010). The word ‘green’ has different implication on the various stakeholders and more particularly the consumers of the hotel. The environmental practices followed by the hotels are different from that of the corporate practices that are engaged for incorporating the environmental standards. However, the consumers are seen to have a different level of trust on the perception based on intimation and engagement of commercial branding. Branding is very critical factor in case of hospitality industry. Branding is different for the green hotels as compared to other commercial, domestic or international hotels. The branding of the green hotel is rare and this provides them with the differentiation and provides the customers with different type of experience. Moreover, some of the customers are seen to be inclined towards the eco-friendly property in their holidays due to the personal and environmental commitment. The green hotels effectively preserve and conserve by means of

A femnist Analysis of an Item of Popular culture Research Paper

A femnist Analysis of an Item of Popular culture - Research Paper Example Through the ages, continuous evolvement has resulted in popular culture being remembered by era which witnessed its boom. Popular culture (sometimes also referred to as pop culture) can not only be distinguished by timeline, but also through areas/regions. Feminism is defined as â€Å"the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriam Webster). As opposed to popular belief that Feminism calls for feminine dominance in the society, its actual motive is to establish equality between the genders by equal representation of women in all walks of life. Its history can be dated back to 1895 when this word was first coined and used; however, equal rights propaganda had been in effect long before then. Women have been discriminated against since time unknown due to baseless assumptions formulated by the male-dominating society representatives. Similar to other minorities like African-Americans, women’s rights had been greatly limited, often unjustly ta ilored short. Soon, this injustice came to light, followed by the â€Å"feminism† revolutionary protests and propagandas. However, to fulfill the purpose of this paper, I will be elaborating on a â€Å"Feminist Analysis of an Item of Popular Culture† hereafter. The item I have chosen is a movie released in the year 2000, with a subsequent edition in the year 2003. Rumors have it that another edition in the series will be released in 2011. The name of the movie is â€Å"Charlie’s Angels (2000)† and â€Å"Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle (2003)† starring Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore, and Lucy Liu as central characters around which the story revolves. This film is based on a television series with the same name which had complete five seasons and 110 episodes from September 1976 to June 1981. Unsuccessful attempts were made to revive the television series since 1981, ultimately resulting in the formation of a successful box office hit movie in 2 000. Charlie’s Angels – both movies – depict the three central feminine characters as private investigation agents. The investigation agency for which the â€Å"Angels† work is run by a multimillionaire named â€Å"Charlie†, a man who is never focused on screen, and who conveys instructions to his agents through a speaker phone in his office, leaving them to work on their projects by themselves – somewhat unsupervised. The three heroines are distinctively bold and beautiful, extremely talented, tough and skilled, fussing about their exterior beauty while at the same time fighting crimes and criminals with manly valor and tactics. The first movie shows the â€Å"Angels† (as Charlie had named them) in pursuit of a software genius who had developed a unique voice recognition system through which the location of any person could be found. Unfortunately this genius is kidnapped, which the story later reveals was self-inflicted. In collabor ation with a communications satellite company and an aide, this genius aims to use his recently developed technology to locate and kill the multimillionaire and the Angels’ Boss – Charlie – as he believes Charlie to be the murderer of his father. The chase that follows shows Charlie being saved from the fatal attack by inches through the Angels’ extensive efforts and immense technological know-how. Even though Charlie’s physical existence was mere inches from exposure, he manages to make a quick run into oblivion, maintaining his unknown and unfocussed identity in front of the Angels and the audiences. The second movie has a similar thriller storyline. It shows the Angels in

Covenants Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Covenants Land law - Essay Example The main concern in this case is whether or not Sarah is able to enforce the covenant to Oliver who will only own the land for a particular period which is 50 years. The answer is definitely no. Sarah does not have any legal ground to enforce the covenant to Oliver since the covenant between Leonard and Mary did not apply to Oliver2. However, Sarah has all the legal grounds to enforce some penalty to Mary for the bridge of covenant. The reason is that Mary had not sold off the land to Oliver. Therefore, the covenant is still biding, what she did was to lease the land to Oliver, but not sell it to him. What this means is that the covenant is still binding and Mary has to take the responsibility to ensure that the restrictive covenant signed between her and Leonard is upheld. Therefore, the piece of advice to Sarah is to get hold of Mary and charge her with the responsibility3. However, this should be noted that it is the covenantee who enforces the covenant to the covenanter. This will be in exception incase the deed was designed to provide that the covenanter is not in any way liable incase there is a breach in the covenant after he/she has sold the land. However, this is not applicable in this case because Mary had not sold the land In the second case regarding Ned, the covenant they agreed on was one that denied him the right to use the plot for commercial use. However, when Ned sold the plot to Phillip he went ahead to use it for commercial use where he offered yoga and log cabin services. This is a little complex since Ned sold the land to Philip. It can even be more complex incase Ned cannot be easily traced4. Sarah may not be able to enforce the covenant on Philip since there was no any transaction between them. However, if Sarah can be able to reach Ned then she can be able to compel her to make the same agreement with Ned. In fact, it may be difficult for Sarah to

Purchase intentions for ready to eat products

Purchase intentions for ready to eat products Research Question: The research focuses on determining the consumer preferences and purchase intentions for packaged and ready to eat food products. Moreover, we also look into how and to what extent factors like relationship of social, demographics, psychographic/ lifestyle, personal and external media influences the purchase decision Synthesis and Application Consumer decision- making styles in short, shopping styles like lifestyles, are a prominent area of interest in consumer behaviour studies. Consumer choice processes vary according to the type of product involved, the timing and the people involved (Burns Gentry, 1990:520). Although brand decision-making represents a fair amount of deliberation during consumer decision making, it does not represent the whole consumer decision-making process (Harrel, 1990:739). (Alet C Erasmus, Elizabeth Boshoff and GG Rousseau, 2001) Consumers purchasing decisions take place over a period of time. The overall goal during this decision process is to evaluate various alternatives and choose the product that satisfies the consumer in an optimal way. Consumers get influenced by several major factors while they make their decisions. These factors can be grouped as social, cultural, pscyhological, and personal factors( Kotler Armstrong, 1997: 141). In addition, increase in the number and variety of goods, stores, and shopping malls, and the availability of multicomponent products and electronic purchasing capabilities have broadened the sphere for consumer choice and led to complicated decision making. (Hafstrom et al., 1992). One or more specific shopping styles dimensions may influence consumer-shopping choices, and these influences are relatively enduring (Sproles and Kendall, 1986). Broadly speaking, these are 3 types of approaches in studying consumer decision-making styles: Psychographic/lifestyle approach, which identifies hundreds of characteristics related to consumer behaviour; Consumer typology approach, which classifies consumers into several types; Consumer characteristics approach, which focuses on different cognitive dimensions of consumer decision-making (Fan et al., 1998). Since ready to eat packaged food has met a stiff resistance on health grounds, the decision maker in the family is also an important aspect. Prior research in this area has found that mothers make the purchasing decisions for monthly food expenditures of the family however, fathers carry out the act of purchasing. Promotional activities such as commercials, new product development efforts, packaging, pricing distribution strategies all play a significant role in determining the person that makes the purchasing decision in the family (Elif Akagà ¼n Ergin, Handan ÃÆ'-zdemir, Bà ¼lent ÃÆ'-zsaà §macÄ ±, 2005) Sproles and Kendall (1986) developed a Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) based on the assumption that consumer decision-making behaviour can be explained by eight central decision-making dimensions that influence a consumers decision making behaviour. The eight decision-making style dimensions were: perfectionism/high-quality consciousness, brand consciousness, novelty consciousness, price/value consciousness, impulsive/careless shoppers, recreational and hedonistic shopping consciousness, confused by over-choice shoppers, and habitual and brand/store loyal shoppers. Despite the eight-dimensional structure being confirmed in the original study, there are indications that the eight-factor model does not hold good in real life. Packaged food industry: Consumer behaviour Favorable nutrition information presented on a Nutrition Facts panel also led to more positive attitudes toward the product, nutrition, and purchase intentions and reduced perceived disease risk. The effects of the nutrition information on all dependent variables were more pronounced in the menu context than in the package context, even though the nutrient values were identical. (John C. Kozup, Elizabeth H. Creyer, Scot Burton, 2003). Moreover, that social class is basically inferior to income as a correlate of buying behavior for the consumer packaged goods. Perhaps some types of packaged foods not covered in this study would have shown greater purchasing relationships with social class; e.g., frozen shrimp and other types of cocktail snacks. (Myers, Stanton and Haug, 1971) These products tend to be criticized because:-   They typically are high in fat and calorie contents The reduced time cost and nutritional content associated with these foods is specifically blamed for obesity Sometimes Genetically Modified Foods are used Sometimes an irradiation process is used If heat processing is used the vitamins are lost Preservatives are always used Packaged food: Indian market In developing countries like India, the preferences of the consumers clearly indicate their priority for cleanliness/freshness of food products followed by price, quality, variety, packaging, and non-seasonal availability. The consumers preference of marketplace largely depends on the convenience in purchasing at the marketplace along with the availability of additional services, attraction for children, basic amenities and affordability (Jabir Ali, Sanjeev Kapoor, Janakiraman Moorthy, 2010) Consumer demand for detailed information regarding content and nutrition of packaged food products is likely to increase due to booming organized retail sector in India. There is awareness about different types of information on the food labels displayed on packaged food products, however, usage of such information as one of the criteria while purchasing packaged food product is relatively low. Indian consumers assign very high importance to information about food ingredients and nutritional contents of the food. They also have very strong preference for brand and the taste of the product. This preference makes them purchase a packaged food item even though it may not meet their criteria of healthy food or may contain some harmful ingredients. Most lifestyle products such as breakfast cereals, readymade dressings etc. that would mostly be used by people who have relatively higher levels of income and education would pay more attention to various kinds of label information. Moreover, the awareness regarding label information is dependent on the consumers level of education, income and kind of occupation. (Sushil Kumar and Anuttera Pandit, 2005) Additionally, researchers have also shown that as convenience becomes the goal for households, with an increase in the number of urban population, working women and income levels, RTE has become the fastest growing sub-segment in the packaged food category. However, in India home cooked food is the first choice. At the moment, regional and non-vegetarian cuisines are relatively under-serviced, with concentration on the vegetarian. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Research Design chosen is: Exploratory Research: Secondary Data Articles, Journals , Depth Interviews, Focus Group Discussions Conclusive Research: Descriptive Survey and Observation Firstly an exploratory research was conducted to gain insights and understanding about consumer buying behavior and customer preferences vis a vis RTE food products. This was done through the review of academic literature and depth interviews of retailers to identify relevant psychographic factors influencing customer purchase decisions. Secondly descriptive research has been undertaken in order to Profile the heavy users( frequent shoppers) of RTE products Quantitatively analyze the specified population exhibiting certain behavior regarding customer preferences Understand the degree of association of marketing variables with respect to packaged food products Make suitable recommendations. Data will be collected through structured questionnaires designed for the consumers. Depth interviews will be conducted for Retailers in Kozhikode. These responses have been analyzed by various statistical methods. Pretesting: Since our questionnaire has a majority of multiple choice questions there was a possibility of encountering order/position bias. This was done away with by having various sample forms filled with orders of questions as well as choices changed and finally the present form was frozen. The wording of certain questions was also changed after some rounds to pretesting making them more effective for understanding. For example Question 9 in the questionnaire has been changed from e.g. Before Pretesting: Q8. What influences your decision for the food products that you consume? After Pretesting:Q8. What influences your (as an individual) decision on choice of food products you purchase? Sampling technique Sampling methods are classified as either  probability  or  non-probability. In probability samples, each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. Probability methods include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling. In non-probability sampling, members are selected from the population in some nonrandom manner. These include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling Random sampling  is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. Systematic sampling  is often used instead of random sampling. It is also called an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. Stratified sampling  is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic. Convenience sampling  is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. Judgment sampling  is a common non-probability method. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually an extension of convenience sampling. Quota sampling  is the non-probability equivalent of stratified sampling. Like stratified sampling, the researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the required number of subjects from each stratum. Snowball sampling  is a non-probability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. Sampling technique that we will use in our research will be the Convenient Sampling. The data will be collected through soliciting responses to the questionnaire designed for the study. The respondents will be contacted either in person or through e-mail. Sampling frame: Sampling frame is the actual set of units from which a sample has been drawn. In the ideal case, the sampling frame should coincide with the population of interest. For our research, the sampling frame that we will use consists of retail shops, groceries stores and malls. This sampling frame will ensure that the respondents chosen for the survey are the actual consumers/customers of the ready to eat food. E-mail will also be used to as a medium of data gathering. Since the people who usually consume the ready to eat food belongs to the relatively younger age group, the use of e-mail to invite the response will make sure that the survey is directed to the right target population. Sample size: The  sample size  of a  statistical sample  is the number of observations that constitute it. A larger sample size leads to increased  precision  in estimates of various properties of the  population. The sample size of 200 has been chosen for the survey. As according to central limit theorem, a sample of size of minimum 30 observations is required to perform statistical analysis. This sample was large enough to provide the data which could be further used for analysis and interpretation. Data Collection: The data will be collected through the questionnaires. The questionnaires will be filled either through soliciting replies through e-mails or contacting respondents personally. Thus the primary source of the data will be used in the analysis. Data Analysis We have designed our questionnaire such that the responses would give us nominal and interval data. We will be using the following techniques to analyze this data Univariate/ Bivariate Analysis Correlation and regression Multivariate Techniques such as cluster analysis, factor analysis (as applicable) ANNEXURE FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) Introduction The purpose of the discussion was to conduct evaluative research to determine (in order of priority) Understand the perception of the target audience about Packaged Ready to eat food Identify the main factors that influence a buyer to buy the products Understand the need of getting varieties in the ready to eat food material Identify the consumer preference of ready to eat food products Target Audience As per our understanding, ready to eat food would be generally preferred by Married women who dont get time to cook food Young working professionals and college students who stay in flats as bachelors Working population who travel a lot Focus Group Attributes There were 6 participants and discussion was moderated by a moderator. We selected participants from the PGP13 and PGP14 batches of IIM Kozhikode such that there were 2 female students who got married and were working before joining IIM K shared their past experiences 2 students (1 male and 1 female) who joined as freshers shared their experiences as graduation students and also as MBA students 2 students (both males) shared their experiences while they were working in jobs that involved a lot of travelling, before joining IIM K Seating pattern was as shown in the figure P3 P4 P22 P- Focused Group participants P5 P6 P1 M- Moderator M Beginning the Focus Group Discussion: The moderator welcomed the group with his introduction and facilitated introduction of the group too Moderator gave an overview of the topic This is an attempt to know the preferences regarding Packaged Ready to Eat foods from the young bachelors, from working women as they have to take care of the food at home and manage time also and from college going students who have scarcity of time and also look for variety and different taste in the products Subsequently the moderator set the ground rules. The moderator used predetermined questions and an assistant moderator took careful notes. Topics Discussed in the group Question: If ready to eat products are easily available in the market how many of you would like to purchase? Discussion: The group members had different preferences. Some members were concerned about the variety of products available and the price for the quantity. There was a small discussion around the usage of the pack and time factor. One member talked about how he started buying RTE as he stayed alone and this was very convenient to make and it gets ready in few minutes. It saves a lot of time and energy. Ranking was given to different attributes and the final rankings are as follows Taste Time saving activity Easier availability Increased convenience Food variety Price Question: What kind of options should be present in packaged food that you would plan to purchase? Discussion: Everyone was of the opinion that instant mix and packaged snacks like pasta, vermicelli, noodles and ready to cook Indian curries are essential. The final ranking was as follows: Confectionary (preferred across the group) Instant open and eat (preferred by young population) Instant mix to cook like dosa powder, gulab jamun mix (preferred by female users) Frozen food like peas, sweet corn (used for quick preparation of food by married women) Question: Are you brand loyal or would you be ready to switch to a different brand? Discussion: The group was split between brand-loyal and non brand-loyal customers. Brand loyal customers specified major brands like MTR, Kelloggs, ITC when they went for buying RTE foods. And the non brand- loyal customers switched among products whichever they found the best in taste or always looked for a change or went for trials of new products. However, even the brand loyal customers showed inclination to change brand if variety and better taste is available in novelty products. Question: Are you too particular about the cuisine in RTE foods? Discussion: The group consensually came to a conclusion that it preferred different cuisines depending on the time of the day. 1. Chinese- cup noodles, noodles, soups (evening snacks) 2. Mexican- cornmeal (in the morning hours) 3. Italian- Pasta, Bread 4. Indian- gravy, ready mix (main course) Question: Where do you usually shop for Ready to eat foods? Discussion: People had different options for shopping since RTE foods are easily available in the market. They mentioned the following options available whichever was closer to their residence Retail outlet Shopping malls Kirana stores Confectionary stores Question: What influences your decision on choice of food you purchase? Discussion: The group members were influenced by several factors while making a decision to buy a particular product from the various options available in the market of RTE foods. A list of influential factors which they specified is as follows: Advertisements Prior usage experience Friends/ neighbors Retailer on the shop Question: Do you consider price as a major criterion to choose among the products available? Discussion: Most of the group members said that price was not as important a criterion as taste and quality. Moreover the price range of these kinds of products was within range of Rs 50-100, it didnt play a very big role in buying decision process. Inference From the following inferences of the focus group discussion, we designed our questionnaire People do take cuisine into consideration while purchasing packaged food. Taste was the most important criterion followed by ease in making and time consumed. Time was a major factor too as the target segment was young and working population and for them time is always scarce and critical. Word of mouth also played an important role in considering new products for consumption. Value for money in terms of quality and variety was considered to a certain extent before buying a packaged food product. QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaire instructions Please answer all the questions Unless specified, please select only one option as a response for each question Questionnaire design Q1. Do you buy ready-to-eat (Packaged) food? 1 = Yes 2 = No Q2. In a typical week, how often do you buy packaged food? 1 = Less than once 2 = 1 to 3 times 3 = 4 to 6 times 4 = More than 6 times Q3. Why do you buy packaged food? (More than one option can be chosen) 1 = Convenience 2 = Taste 3 = Nutrition 4 = Quality 5=Price 6 = any other reason, please specify _______________ Q4. Please indicate your food preference. 1 = Vegetarian 2 = Non-vegetarian 3 = Both Q5. What cuisine do you prefer? (More than one option can be chosen) 1= Indian 2 = Chinese 3 = Italian 4 = Mexican 5 = Others, please specify _______________ Q6. Generally during which phase of week do you consume packaged food? 1=Monday to Friday 2=Saturday to Sunday = All days Q7. From where do you buy processed food? (More than one option can be chosen) 1=Retail outlet 2=Shopping malls 3=Kirana stores 4=Confectionary stores, 5=Others, please specify _______________ Q8. What influences your (as an individual) decision on choice of food products you purchase? (More than one option can be chosen) 1 = Children 2 = Advertisements 3 = Spouse 4 = Friends 5 = Retailer on the shop 6 = Others Q9. What is your age group? 1 = 15 to 25 years 2 = 25 to 35 years 3 = 35 to 45 years 4 = Above 45 years Q10. What is your occupation? 1 = Student 2 = Public Service 3 = Private Service 4 = Self-employed 5 = Homemaker 6 = Other, please specify _______________ Q11. Do you live with your family? 1 = Yes 2 = No Q12. What is your monthly income (in Rs.)? 1 = Below 15000 2 = 15000-25000 3 = 25000-35000 4 = Above 35000 5 = cannot disclose Q13. Usually, where do you consume packaged food? 1 = Home 2 = Workplace 3 = Both 4 = Other Q14. On a scale of 5, how satisfied are you with the packaged food, where 1 is least satisfied and 5 is highly satisfied? 1 2 3 4 5 Q15. On a scale of 5, how likely are you to recommend packaged food to others, where 1 is least likely and 5 is highly likely? 1 2 3 4 5 DEPTH INTERVIEW OF RETAILERS We plan to have depth interviews with 1-2 retails and ask them following questions: Which category of food sells more? Which type of packaged food is preferred? Do you have refrigeration facilities? For how many years you have been in the retail business? How many customers visit your shop every day? Which is the peak hour of your business? What age group of customers visits your shop? Which type of customers prefers packaged food? Has the sales of packaged food changed over the last three years?

Health Care Reform in the United States Essay -- health care reform, P

â€Å"We will pass reform that lowers cost, promotes choice, and provides coverage that every American can count on. And we will do it this year.† The preceding is a powerful statement from the newly elected President Barak Obama. One of the main aspects of both political campaigns was health care reform. The above quote shows passion and encouragement, but the quotes about health care do not end there. Georgian republican gubernatorial candidate and health care policy maker John Oxendine expressed: â€Å"Their proposal would virtually devastate the private healthcare sector in this country along with competition and patient choice, by replacing it with bureaucratic planning and government control. The result of this plan and its one trillion dollar price tag will bring harm to those the president and Congress are ostensibly trying to help.† Furthermore, another powerful statement was issued by the speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi: â€Å"I th ink it is pretty clear that we want a strong public option in the legislation. Insurance company’s full force carpet-bombing and shock and awe against the public option — so much so that the American people doubt the plan or are uncertain about it, until you tell them what is in it.† These three powerfully worded quotes embody the argument that is being derived on Capitol Hill. It is almost hard to conceive that one document can be perceived in such a wide variety of ways. This pending reform is important to every United States Citizen. As the debate climaxes over the next few months, words will be put into votes. It’s clear that everyone has an opinion about how health care reform should or should not work, but the real question is who will be the loudest in the end. The ... ...and generous health care to a people that are fed up! With already partisan action in the House of Representatives that passed the first ever health care reform legislation to the Senate, Americans are closer than ever to having safe and affordable health care. As the college age population enters the work force and starts a family, there is still that uncertainty of where all this talk will lead. Will they be faced with insurmountable debt by big business pleasing deputies of our government, or will they finally wake up one day health care cost free, healthy individuals and look back on the greatest fight in American politics since the drawing of the actual constitution itself. America needs the public option and more control over the health care industry! Over the coming weeks, that dream will turn more and more from the â€Å"Yes we can† to finally, â€Å"Yes we did!†

Hackers: Outlaws and Angels Essay

Outlaws and Angels is a very interesting documentary that outlines the technology and intelligence that has permeated the hacker community. Hackers is someone who breaks into computers and computer networks, either for profit or motivated by the challenge. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground but is now an open community. Ian Murphy, also known as Captain Zap, is said to have done the ‘greatest hack ever’. Was the first cracker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T’s computers in 1981 and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday. Of course, the bargain-seekers who waited until midnight to call long distance were hit with high bills. Murphy, now the chairman of IAM/Secure Data System, was the inspiration for the movie â€Å"Sneakers.† Another story about hacking is when the famous movie Star Wars first came out, hundreds and thousands of people have to wait in line for hours to watch it. But a group of hackers have watched it and spreads it in the internet for about a week before the premiere. They successfully hacked the Star Wars database and took the movie data. So at first the term hacker referred to just people who breaks computer security. But later ‘hacker’ splits to two main sides. The Black Hats and the White Hats. A white hat hacker breaks security for non-malicious reasons, for instance testing their own security system. This classification also includes individuals who perform penetration tests and vulnerability assessments within a contractual agreement. Often, this type of ‘white hat’ hacker is called an ethical hacker. The International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants, also known as the EC-Council has developed certifications, courseware, classes, and online training covering the diverse arena of Ethical Hacking. A black hat is the villain or bad guy, especially in a western movie in which such a character would wear a black hat in contrast to the hero’s white hat. A black hat hacker, sometimes called â€Å"cracker,† is someone who breaks computer security without authorization or uses technology usually a computer, phone system or network for malicious reasons such as vandalism, credit card fraud, identity theft, piracy, or other types of illegal activity. After learning much about hackers and internet security, we now know that the internet isn’t the  safest place and that we need protection as much as we can. The least we can do right now is to keep our own system safe. Little things like keeping a strong password, not sharing any account with somebody else can help in improving our security.

Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee Celebrations

Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee Celebrations Queen Victoria reigned for 63 years and was honored by two great public commemorations of her longevity as ruler of the British Empire. Her Golden Jubilee, to mark the 50th anniversary of her reign, was observed in June 1887. European heads of state, as well as delegations of officials from throughout the empire, attended lavish events in Britain. The Golden Jubilee festivities were widely seen not only as a celebration of Queen Victoria but as an affirmation of Britains place as a global power. Soldiers from throughout the British Empire marched in processions in London. And in the distant outposts of the empire celebrations were also held. Not everyone was inclined to celebrate the longevity of Queen Victoria or the supremacy of Britain. In Ireland, there were public expressions of protest against British rule. And Irish Americans held their own public gatherings to denounce British oppression in their homeland. Ten years later, Victorias Diamond Jubilee celebrations were held to mark Victorias 60th anniversary on the throne. The 1897 events were distinctive as they seemed to mark the end of an era, as they were the last great assemblage of European royalty. Preparations for Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee As the 50th anniversary of Queen Victorias reign approached, the British government felt that a monumental celebration was in order. She had become queen in 1837, at the age of 18, when the monarchy itself had seemed to be coming to an end. She had successfully restored the monarchy to where it occupied a preeminent place in British society. And by any accounting, her reign had been successful. Britain, by the 1880s, stood astride much of the world. And despite small-scale conflicts in Afghanistan and Africa, Britain had essentially been at peace since the Crimean War three decades earlier. There was also a feeling that Victoria deserved a great celebration as she had never celebrated her 25th anniversary on the throne. Her husband, Prince Albert, had died young, in December 1861. And the celebrations which likely would have occurred in 1862, which would have been her Silver Jubilee, were simply out of the question. Indeed, Victoria became fairly reclusive after Alberts death, and when she did appear in public, she would be dressed in widows black. In early 1887 the British government began making preparations for the Golden Jubilee. Many Events Preceded Jubilee Day in 1887 The date of large public events was to be June 21, 1887, which would be the first day of the 51st year of her reign. But a number of associated events began in early May. Delegates from British colonies, including Canada and Australia, gathered and met with Queen Victoria on May 5, 1887, at Windsor Castle. For the next six weeks, the queen participated in a number of public events, including helping to lay the cornerstone for a new hospital. At one point in early May, she expressed curiosity about an American show then touring England, Buffalo Bills Wild West Show. She attended a performance, enjoyed it, and later met cast members. The queen traveled to one of her favorite residences, Balmoral Castle in Scotland, to celebrate her birthday on May 24, but planned to return for London for the major events which would take place close to the anniversary of her accession, June 20. The Golden Jubilee Celebrations The actual anniversary of Victorias accession to the throne, June 20, 1887, began with a private commemoration. Queen Victoria, with her family, had breakfast at Frogmore, near the mausoleum of Prince Albert. She returned to Buckingham Palace, where an enormous banquet was held. Members of various European royal families attended, as did diplomatic representatives. The following day, June 21, 1887, was marked with lavish public spectacle. The queen traveled by a procession through the streets of London to Westminster Abbey. According to a book published the following year, the queens carriage was accompanied by a bodyguard of seventeen princes in military uniform, superbly mounted and wearing their jewels and orders. The princes were from Russia, Britain, Prussia, and other European nations. The role of India in the British Empire was emphasized by having a troop of Indian cavalry in the procession close to the queens carriage. Ancient Westminster Abbey had been prepared, as galleries of seats had been built to accommodate 10,000 invited guests. The service of thanksgiving was marked by prayers and music performed by the abbeys choir. That night, illuminations lit the skies of England. According to one account, On rugged cliffs and beacon hills, on mountain peaks and lofty heaths and commons, great bonfires blazed. The next day a celebration for 27,000 children was held in Londons Hyde Park. Queen Victoria paid a visit to the Childrens Jubilee. All the children attending were given a Jubilee Mug designed by the Doulton company. Some Protested the Celebrations of Queen Victorias Reign Not everyone was favorably impressed by the lavish celebrations honoring Queen Victoria. The New York Times reported that a large gathering of Irish men and women in Boston had protested the plan to hold a celebration of Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee at Faneuil Hall. The celebration at Faneuil Hall in Boston was held on June 21, 1887, despite pleas to the city government to block it. And celebrations were also held in New York City and other American cities and towns. In New York, the Irish community held its own large meeting at Cooper Institute on June 21, 1887. A detailed account in the New York Times was headlined: Irelands Sad Jubilee: Celebrating in Mourning and Bitter Memories. The New York Times story described how the capacity crowd of 2,500, in a hall decorated with black crepe, listened attentively to speeches denouncing British rule in Ireland and the actions of the British government during the Great Famine of the 1840s. Queen Victoria was criticized by one speaker as Irelands tyrant.

The Truth! essays

The Truth! essays Christopher Columbus, the villain who sailed the ocean blue in 1492. Columbus was a villain because of his cruelty, his lies, and greed. He was very cruel to the Native Americans. He lied to his own people. His greed for gold caused destruction of many lives. Columbus was villain because he was nothing but cruel to the natives of the New World. He enslaved Indians making them work under harsh conditions, such as wiping them and starving them, causing millions of natives lives by suicide or sickness. He took advantage of the natives generosity to him by taking more then his share of gold and food from them and giving nothing in return. As you can see he was very cruel to the Native Americans. Columbuss was a villain because of his lies to his own people. He lied to the King and Queen of Spain that he was in Asia, and that there was a lot of gold and spices. He also lied to his men and the highnesses saying that he was the first to spot land. When it really was one of his crew men on the dock who spotted land first. Because of his lies to his people proves even more that he is a villain. Columbus was a villain because of his greed for money. He shipped thousands of African Americas across seas to become slaves that work on sugar and tobacco plantations so that he would get massive amounts of money. He killed not only many natives, but he also killed many of the Europeans because they were mining for gold. His greed for money caused many lives not exactly what the definition of a hero is to me. Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492, taking three ships and a faithful crew. Columbus was a villain because of his cruelty, his lies, and greed. Although I love missing a day of school for Columbus Day; I dont like that the day is in honor of a man who has done nothing but lie, be cruel, and want money. It is important for the myths to be put to rest that Columbus was an honorable man, ...

Marketing Management Course Project wk6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Management Course Project wk6 - Essay Example e stages including the introductory phase where the users or the audience is unaware of the existence of the product and its category (McMillan, 2013). The audience buys mainly for experimentation purposes only and competition is high. The growth stages witness customers increase in numbers and appearance of segments. Maturity takes place, the segment becomes distinct and the loyalty of the customer is established. Understanding the audience (customers) location, their types, and their needs and distinctive uniqueness will accomplish marketing. Achieving substantial marketing, then the size and the structure of the audience, associated trends, needs, and characteristics of the target audience is vital (Haydu & Hodges, 2008). The association between your firm’s value suggestion and the target audience can be complex for communal enterprises because of the range of exterior stakeholders concerned who usually determine the progress and the success of the firms. The marketing strategy defines how to communicate with the customers and available plans to propel the value proposition to the target audience. This considers the brand identification, the position of the firm in the market, and the available channels to the market (Haydu & Hodges, 2008). The foundational features and remuneration of value proposition forms the basis of the product distinctiveness. Value proposition entails efficiency, leadership, and innovation and audience intimacy. The marketing plan ought to identify necessary realistic actions and methods to achieve the marketing strategy. Marketing objectives targets creation of new customers and or recipients from the target audience while maintaining the earlier customers in order to improve the delivery of the products (Mudambi, 2002) and improve on sales. To improve on the customers’ base, achieve the objectives and increase sales, then enhancing the tools of pricing, placing, and promotion in the firm and the market will be paramount.

A study into enforcement mechanisms in transboundary water treaties Essay

A study into enforcement mechanisms in transboundary water treaties - Essay Example Transboundary water resources provide for water for human consumption, agriculture, power generation and industry. In addition, transboundary water bodies sustain ecosystems that enrich humans and provide natural channels for navigation and the carriage of goods. Thus, proper management and utilisation of transboundary water resources requires broad cooperation amongst States sharing these natural resources and agreements relating to such arrangements must allow for monitoring, dispute resolution and enforcement. Without proper enforcement mechanisms, conflict is likely and this can be very costly for all concerned. This dissertation presents a discussion about enforcement mechanisms that are available in international law for global treaties for management of transboundary water bodies and basin practices that assist with sustainable management of such freshwater bodies. I certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of research carried out by the author of this study. The main content of the study which has been presented contains work that has not previously been reported anywhere. Water is important for all humanity because the role played by water in the natural world is very fundamental (Varis, 2008, Pp. 1 – 2). Water circulates in the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, the soil and rocks carrying chemical substances and energy to support the ecosystems of the world. Billions of people around the world depend on freshwater systems for their water needs. Because water is essential for human existence, access to water is one of the most complicated challenges faced by humanity today. Rivers and lakes are the main sources for freshwater for people around the world, but substantial rivers and lakes are often not located within a single political boundary. A rapidly increasing global population has presented a dramatic increase in the number of users of the hydrological

Response of chapter 2 of Inside Rikers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response of chapter 2 of Inside Rikers - Essay Example Confinement may seem like the easiest way to control crime and punish offenders, but it is not entirely effective in reforming criminals. This chapter makes an interesting point that solitary confinement can be one of the most inhumane psychological punishments for criminals. Criminals are put in a prison inside a prison with almost all of their liberties controlled. It is a double-edged sword which, unfortunately, reinforces criminal behavior. Wynn stressed: â€Å"Solitary confinement itself can cause a very specific kind of psychiatric syndrome.† She is saying that solitary confinement should be considered as a strong independent variable for â€Å"random violence and self-mutilation, suicidal behavior...† She gives examples of how the CPSU breeds the most violent behaviors and thoughts among criminals which Captain talks about. Captain admits that isolation can turn criminals into worse personalities. He knows how unsafe it is, for instance, to have a normal life out side prison, knowing that any ex-convict might get back on COs. Through these examples, Wynn and the Captain make a good point on how detaching inmates from social contact and treating them like animals intensify their criminal attitudes and behaviors. Corrections officers are human beings too who are trapped in prison like inmates and they often suffer from the psychological and social effects of their jobs. William West, a former CO, said: â€Å"It’s the dirtiest, most thankless job in law enforcement† (Wynn). Wynn also cited a joke that accurately portrays the effects of this job on COs: â€Å"What’s the first three things you get when you become a CO?† The answer: ‘A car. A gun. A divorce.’† Harry, one of the COs, provides an example of a CO, the first man to be punished with death penalty. Harry has a calm attitude towards COs who turn into criminals themselves, as if he knows that such consequences of

Person Centred Therapy Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Person Centred Therapy Evaluation Essay In order to evaluate the claim that Person-Centred Therapy offers the therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients, one must look at the theoretical concepts of person-centred therapy (PCT) and its underlying philosophical influences. The PCT approach was developed during the 1940’s and 1950’s by an American psychologist Carl Rogers, now known as Rogerian counselling; he proposed new humanistic ideas for counselling which moved away from the doctor/patient relationship. PCT emphasises person to person relationship between the therapist and client and focuses on the client’s point of view; through active listening the therapist tries to understand the client’s presenting issue and emotions. In PCT the client determines the direction, course, speed and length of the treatment and the therapist helps increase the client’s insight and self understanding. Rogers and Abraham Maslow, another psychologist, were the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. â€Å"Humanistic theories of personality maintain that humans are motivated by the uniquely human need to expand their frontiers and to realise as much of their potential as possible† (Sanders 2002 p22). A humanistic approach is based on all human beings having an inbuilt ability to grow and achieve their full potential known as â€Å"actualisation†. If this quality can be harnessed then human beings can resolve their own issues naturally, given the right conditions. Rogers and Maslow believed in a person’s potential to reach self actualisation. Maslow however referred to the ‘psychology of being’ and that self actualisation was an end in itself at the top of the hierarchy of needs whereas Rogers considered the ‘psychology of becoming’- the process of being able to take charge of your life and become the person you want to be a c ontinuous process. Maslow felt that human beings are always striving for self improvement which goes beyond that of the basic needs for survival. He believed that a person’s behaviour stems from the way in which people strive to meet different needs. From 1943 to 1954 he developed the 5-level Hierarchy of Needs: * The first, lowest level, concerns a person’s physiological  needs: survival, food, water and shelter. * The second addresses safety: protection from danger and need for security, order and predictability. * The third covers love social behaviour: for love, friendship and acceptance by peers. * The fourth addresses self respect and esteem: the need for status, independence, recognition, self confidence and respect from others. * The fifth and highest level concerns self-actualisation: the need to fulfil one’s personal potential. His theory states that each need must be met in turn starting with the lowest concerning the need for survival and only when the lower needs are met is a person able to move on to the higher needs. However if something should happen and any lower needs are no longer satisfied then a person will concentrate on regaining them before attaining the higher ones. The lower four levels are known as ‘deficiency’ needs which a person will strive to fulfil thereby satisfying the deficiency. However behaviour relating to self actualisation is known as a ‘growth’ need, governed by the person’s inborn need to grow and realise his full potential. Maslow felt most people only ever achieved the first four needs, and he wanted to help clients to obtain ‘Self-Actualisation’ in order to really become themselves. â€Å"The higher up the hierarchy we go, the more the need becomes linked to life experience and the less ‘biological’ it becomes.† (Gross 1996 p.97) It is a fact that people achieve self actualisation in many different ways, related to experience in later life rather than biology. If a person has a deficiency in one of the lower levels of needs then self- actualisation cannot be achieved, resulting in anger, frustration, unhappiness and depression. Rogers trusted in people and viewed them in a positive and optimistic way, believing all human beings naturally strove to achieve their potential; mental health issues arose when barriers to personal growth were present. Accordingly a person’s behaviour is down to self perception or interpretation of a situation and as no one else could know how something was perceived, the perceiver would be the best person to help themselves. PCT looks at how the client is currently interpreting and perceiving their  situation, the moment to moment experience and what is being thought and felt. Rogers viewed psychological development as the process of a person following the path of actualisation and so becoming oneself. A fully functioning person was someone on his way to self actualisation and he identified certain qualities that enabled that person to realise his potential. A person needs to have:- Openness to experience: he can accurately perceive his own feelings and experiences in the world; Existential living: he lives in the present rather than the past; Organismic trusting: know what is good for one and trust thoughts and feelings as accurate, doing what comes naturally; Experiential freedom: the feeling of freedom when making choices and taking responsibility for personal actions; Creativity: a person will naturally socialise and participate in society through work, social relationships or through the arts or sciences. A principal element of Rogers’ theory is the concept of self, described as being a set of self perceptions and beliefs, including self awareness or image, self esteem and worth, and Ideal self. Human behaviour is driven by people attempting to maintain consistency between their self image and esteem; sometimes this consistency is not achieved and a person’s self image may differ from their actual behaviour and how it is perceived by others. A highly successful and respected person, may see themself as a complete failure: as their actual experience is not consistent with their ideal self, an incongruent condition. People experiencing incongruent feelings, because of conflict with their self image, feel threatened and may block or deny these feelings. It is these defence mechanisms which prevent the self from growing and changing; widening the gap between reality and the self-image until the latter becomes more unrealistic when the â€Å"incongruent person† will start to feel vulnerable, confused and suffer psychological disturbances. A congruent person’s self image is flexible and changes with new experiences, the self image matches the thoughts and actions allowing for the opportunity to self-actualise. A person’s self concept develops through childhood. Rogers believed that  humans developed conditions of worth: the conditions where positive regard would be given. In order to maintain this conditional positive regard a person will suppress or deny actions and feelings which are unacceptable to people who are important, instead of using those thoughts, feelings and perceptions as a guide to behaviour. It is this denial that causes the difference between the organism and the self, the organism being everything a person does, feels and thinks, and the self being the part that is accepted liked and respected by others positive regard. As people have an inherent need to be loved and accepted and therefore a need for positive self regard, they behave and act in ways that meet approval so in turn think of themselves as good, lovable and worthy. In order to experience positive self regard a person’s behaviour and condition of worth must match; sometimes conditions can force one to behave and act in ways that prevent self actualisation, thus living life by someone else’s standards. This can cause conflict between experience and self concept, leading to the development of psychological disorders. Congruence and self actualisation can only be reached if a person is functioning as a whole organism so conditions of worth need to be substituted with organismic values. Rogers maintains that the human organism has an underlying â€Å"actualising tendency† which drives a person to develop and become independent. When a person is acting under conditional positive regard which prevents realisation of full potential, these conditions need to be removed. The difference between the self and organism then becomes minimal and the person more closely aligned with his natural values: more relaxed and happy with life. PCT aims to provide the right environment to enable the client to grow and develop, and work through any problems by utilising the ability for personal growth. Rogers believed that the therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between the client and the therapist. It allows insight into the client’s feelings and behaviour whilst the therapist’s function is to offer warmth and empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard toward the client, accepting what is said in a non judgmental way. Rogers felt that the most important factor in  successful therapy was the therapist’s attitude. A key element of the PCT is to reflect the client’s feelings without judgement and by doing this the client will relax and express inner feelings. It also lets the client know that the therapist is listening, trying to understand, as well as clarifying what the client is communicating. Clarification arises when the therapist picks out the key points, uses the clients own words to develop an atmosphere of trust, enabling rapport to develop leading the client to feel able to appreciate current feelings and past experiences. Rogers believed that in order to create this environment for growth and change three core conditions need to be provided for a therapeutic relationship to be formed. Empathy. The therapist must try to enter the client’s inner world and understand how the client is feeling through sensitively listening and reflecting back what the client is saying. â€Å"Carl Rogers described empathy as the ability to sense the client’s world as if it were your own without losing the â€Å"as if† quality† (Sanders 2002 p68). Congruence. This involves the therapist being â€Å"real† open to the expressed feelings and being genuine with the client. There should be no air of authority, enabling the client to feel the therapist is being honest and responding as a real person not analysing what is being said and trying to fit it to a therapeutic model. Unconditional positive regard (UPR). The therapist must provide non judgmental warmth and acceptance of the client, regardless of past behaviour, as a worthwhile person free to explore and discuss all thoughts, feelings and behaviour positive and negative without fear of rejection or judgement. The client must not feel the need to earn positive regard; many people seek help because of disturbances caused by unreasonable harsh judgements. It is very important to ensure that experience is not repeated during therapy. If the client feels an evaluation is being undertaken, a false front may be put up or the therapy stopped altogether. It is these three core conditions that form the foundation of the therapeutic relationship. However, Rogers also believed that fundamental to providing the right conditions for change the helper must make psychological contact with the client. â€Å"Client and therapist need to be simultaneously aware of  each other before anything therapeutic can happen† (Sanders, Franklin Wilkins 2009 p 39.) Psychological contact, the relationship between therapist and client; the client is vulnerable or anxious; and receives empathy, UPR and congruence. All of these conditions are necessary and the core conditions must be used sufficiently for helpful change. These core conditions are believed to enable to the client to grow and develop in his own way to become the desired person. PCT focuses on the client’s own thoughts and feelings, not those of the therapist and provides an environment where the client can explore personal experiences to strengthen self structure which in turn helps to reach actualisation. The two primary goals of PCT are to increase a client’s self esteem and openness to experience. The therapy also helps to bring the clients self image and ideal self closer together and allows the client to have a better self understanding. The client’s levels of defensiveness, guilt and insecurity are lowered resulting in more positive and comfortable relationships with others and an improving ability to experience feelings and emotions when they occur. The results of studies carried out using this approach show that clients maintain stable changes over long periods of time, and that the changes are comparable with changes achieved using other types of therapy. It is a very effective way to treat people suffering from depression or relationship issues but PCT does appear to be less effective than other humanistic therapies where the therapist offers more advice. Rogers originally developed his PCT in a children’s clinic as ‘play therapy’ and his theory has been used to help people suffering from depression, anxiety, alcohol disorders, cognitive dysfunction and personality disorders and has been proved successful when used on an individual basis as well as in group and family therapy. In the later part of his career he worked with people suffering from schizophrenia. Although PCT is popular and does achieve a level of success, a key criticism in this approach is that the core conditions should always be provided by a good therapist before moving onto different theories and strategies to help make the client better. This criticism shows there is a degree of misunderstanding of the real problems of constantly providing UPR, empathy and congruence in the therapeutic setting, as these can clash and cause  conflict. Purely being able to maintain these core conditions requires much work on the part of the therapist, given that everyone has values and beliefs which are hard to suppress and ignore, so it may be more real for the therapist to own their own values and beliefs whilst not judging others. PCT does not require the counsellor to undergo any specific training or self development in any particular way through personal experience, other than to provide the core conditions. Rogers believed it is the relationship between the therapist and the client that brings about the therapeutic change. Further criticism, of therapists demonstrating the core conditions, is that it can lead the client to believe that the therapist is supportive of the situation and viewpoint to such an extent that the client no longer feels the need to change. This is due to the therapist offering no alternatives as there is no position of authority in the PCT to guide the client to make constructive changes. PCT has also been criticised for its lack of structure and insufficient direction to help people in real crisis. Some therapists would argue that this type of approach is not suitable or effective for clients who are inarticulate or poorly educated, whereas other feel that this approach can be applied to anyone. Although this approach is positive is it enough to solely create a good relationship between client and therapist and provide the clients with a safe space to feel valued and supported in order for change to take place? If a client is experiencing real difficulty and is unable to see a way forward and has lost all hope then it is important for the help to come from the therapist. Clients who have experienced this type of therapy often feel that is does not provide the desired solutions they are looking for and have become bored, frustrated and annoyed with the Rogerian style. In summary, although the person-centred approach is clearly a highly effective method of helping and is widely accepted and used by clinical psychologists today, I do not feel that it offers the therapist all that he/she needs to treat clients. I believe that no one therapy can claim an absolute success rate in treating clients, as human beings are inherently different due to differing cultural backgrounds and life experience and  hence each therapist and client relationship will be unique, producing differing results. I feel that one theory that suits everyone is not the approach a good therapist should adopt. Some people may find it easy to talk about their feelings and be able to help themselves in a PCT environment whereas to another this type of approach would be completely bewildering and unproductive. I believe PCT is an effective therapy for treating self esteem and relationship issues however it does not go nearly far enough to help those with deep rooted psychological disorders. A client in crisis may not have the ability to self-help and the nondirective approach can be unhelpful and ineffective when a client is seeking clear guidance from a counsellor. Therefore I believe it is the job of the therapist to determine which theory would help the client best to resolve their issues and be prepared to be flexible in approach. The skill set of a good therapist would have a variety of different strategies and therapeutic approaches to offer the client and although a person-centred approach is a good place to start, the therapist should be prepared to progress to more structured approaches as appropriate.