The Role of the Witches in Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay...

I found responding to the play ‘Macbeth’ difficult because of the era it was written in. Shakespeare wrote the play between 1603-1606 when attitudes were completely different to the attitudes of society today, in particular, widespread belief in witchcraft. In contrast to today, when not many people believe in such things. They used to be feared. They were considered evil, ugly and vindictive. They did not belong to this world, they were ‘supernatural’, with supernatural powers. In the play the witches plant ideas into Macbeth’s head, which affects his inner soul. He changes from an honourable soldier to a vindictive murderer. We are introduced to Macbeth in the beginning when he is returning from the battlefield where he proved himself a†¦show more content†¦However, I fully appreciate that the language of Shakespeare contains a richness of meaning that was fully understood at the time and that one must spend some time in decoding the meanin g today. The language of the witches is even more mysterious and cryptic, to reflect their mysterious and cryptic nature. In act 1, scene 1, the first witch says line 1 â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, light or in rain?† This is not the English that we use today and makes it difficult to understand. But it does have a poetic feel to it, which shows that Shakespeare was also a poet. This is reinforced because of words that he made up, for example â€Å"I come, Graymalkin!†. He tended to use rhyming words more with the witches to suggest that they have magical powers, which the other characters do not. In Act 1, scene 1 line 4 the witches will meet â€Å"when the battle’s lost and won†, demonstrating the ambiguity in their speech. The battle is going to be ‘lost’ and ‘won’ suggesting they have no affiliation to one side or the other, they are indifferent to the outcome and the subsequent loss of life. They are monsters! The language that the main characters use is different from that of the witches and seems to show that they are upper class people. For example, in Act, scene 3, line 69 Macbeth says â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more†. This not only demonstrates Macbeth’s eloquent way of speaking but also that the witch’s speech is ‘imperfect’. TheyShow MoreRelated The Role of the Witches in the Downfall of Shakespeares MacBeth688 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of the Witches in the Downfall of Shakespeares MacBeth MacBeth by William Shakespeare is a play which shows the uprise of MacBeth, the treachery and his eventual downfall. Witchcraft plays a major part in MacBeths actions and his weak character is easily manipulated. Although being an honest and brave man earlier, his ambition clouds his judgement. His life is tragic and through some terrible deeds ends in catastrophe. 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It has survived the tests of time and is now repeatedly being reproduced for cinematic viewing, from one of the most recent productions created in 2010 by director Rupert Goold, to an older more rustic film directed by Roman Polanski in 1971. However, lacking either detailed instructions or Shakespeare himself, each of these directors interpreted Shakespeare’s original work in differentRead MoreLady Macbeth as the Real Driving Force Behind the Murder of King Duncan988 Words   |  4 PagesLady Macbeth as the Real Driving Force Behind the Murder of King Duncan Even though Macbeth is actually the murderer of King Duncan, It appears that he commits this murder reluctantly and should not be blamed for the murder or bear the full responsibility of the murder. The three witches and Lady Macbeth actually played significant roles in cajoling Macbeth into committing the murder and could be argued that Lady Macbeth is the real driving

Climate Change Global Warming - 1843 Words

A tremendous amount of concern regarding climate change has emerged recently as most of the human population is adversely affected by it and adapting to current and projected rates of climate change could be very challenging. There have been observed increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, rising global sea level and small increase in growing seasons (Learner, 2007). Although climate change is attributed to both natural processes and human activities, this term has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming (Berliner, 2003). Humans have been modifying the environment with processes associated with industrialisation and urbanisation, resulting in increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The excess amounts of CO2 generated primarily due to burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, as well as the release of gases such as methane, nitrous dioxide, aerosols and other pollutants has led to the enhanced greenhous e effect, causing an unnatural warming of the Earth’s surface (Berliner, 2003). It is estimated that the global temperature will increase substantially by the year 2100 and that this warming will have widespread and irreversible impacts on human life and natural ecosystems (Learner, 2007). Therefore, there is a universal consensus for the need to deeply cut CO2 emissions to limit this temperature growth to below 2 degrees Celsius (McKibben, 2010). Since the atmosphere is a globally sharedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? 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Basics of Ict Free Essays

Define the term â€Å"computer† in detail and describe different generations of computer. Q. 3 What are input devices? Explain it with the help of different examples. We will write a custom essay sample on Basics of Ict or any similar topic only for you Order Now Q. 4 The major and positive influences of CIT can be seen in many different fields/ areas such as education, business, training and health etc. Select any one area and explain with the help of examples? Q. 5 Write a note on the following: I) Microprocessor, Main Memory and Secondary Storage Devices Electronic Mail (e-mail) ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 Total Marks: 100 Q. 1 What is meant by software? Explain different types of software, development of software and software distribution. Q. 2 What is meant by operating system? Also describe different functions of an operating system. Network topologies with the help of suitable example. Q. 4 What is meant by the term multimedia? Also explain: a) Different components of multimedia. B) Different applications of multimedia. Q. 5 Explain any two high level computer languages along with important features. Course Code: 1431 (Bachelor Level) Course Title: Basics of CIT credit Hours: 3 (3+0) Session Offered: As per offering schedule Recommended Book: Computer Fundamentals by PC Sinai, BP Publications 4th Edition 2007 Audience/ Multimedia CD: Will be developed Reference Book: Computer Literacy BASICS: A Comprehensive Guide to ICC by Connie Morrison and Dolores Wells (August 2009) 3rd Edition. Pre-Requisite: None Course Coordinator: Department of Computer Science, LILLO Teaching Methodology: Distance Learning/Online Course Introduction: The course is aimed to provide an outline of compute, its uses, development, Components, Input, Output devices, Hardware, and Software. The course also covers fundamentals and use of ‘CT. Course Objectives: After completing the course the students should be able to: 1. Understand the role and importance of CIT in today’s society. . Identify various components of a computer system 3. Understand basics of data communication and networking of computer systems. 4. Understands basics of windows operating system and its functionality. 5. Understand basic concepts of multimedia and identify and use various multimedia components. 6. Understand basic concepts of computer languages. Evaluation Criteria: I) Assignments (02) 30% it) Final Examination 70% Course Outlines: Unit No. Introduction to CIT Introduction to CIT and definitions, CIT Application Examples, CIT as an Aid to Unit No. 2 Overview and Organization of Computers History and Development of Computer, Generations of Computer, Types of Computer, Classification of Computer, Applications of Computer, Buses, Ports, Microprocessor, Main Memory, Motherboard of Computer System, Secondary Storage Devices. Unit No. 3 Input Devices Keyboard Devices, Point and Draw Devices, Digitized, Speech Recognitio n Devices, Data Scanning Devices (Image Scanner, OCCUR, OMAR, BCC, MICE), Electronic Card Reader, and Vision-leant System. Unit No. 4 Output Devices Monitor (Graphic Adopter, Size, Resolution, and Types of Monitors), Printers and Types (Dot-Matrix, Ink Jet, Drum, Chain/Band, and Laser), Plotters (Raster Pen), Presentation Graphics, Special Function Terminal (Tams, POSS.), Multimedia Projector, and Voice Response Systems (Voice Reproduction System, Speech Synthesizer). Unit No. 5 Computer Software Introduction, How Software Work How to cite Basics of Ict, Papers

Imf in Nepal free essay sample

During the end of the World War II, many countries started mulling the plight of the future world. There were valid concerns about reconstruction of devasted areas, and re-building and developing the war-hit economies. Remarkable decisions were made in Bretton Woods conference in 1944 to boost international trade and economic growth, and to achieve monetary stability in the global economy. Along with IMF (International Monetary Fund), IBRD (World Bank) and ITO (International Trade Organization) were the outcomes of the historical Bretton Woods Conference. However, in this report we focus on IMF as a financial institution and its activities and contribution in Nepalese economy. 1. 2 Objectives of the study †¢ To know about the IMF’s role in Strengthening the International Financial System †¢ To know the role of IMF in resolving economic crisis. To find out the impact of IMF in monetary policy. To know the IMF’s role to meet the changing needs of its member countries in an evolving world economy. †¢ To find out the impact of IMF in Nepalese economy. †¢ To know about the IMF lending in Nepal. 1. 3 Importance of the study The following are the points, which throw light on the importance of this fieldwork: †¢ It serves as the partial fulfillment of requirement of B. B. A. program. It has helped us to boost up our confidence. †¢ It has helped us to gain an experience of working in group. It might be useful for the other researchers, who can take it to be their guideline. †¢ It might be useful for the library, so that any student wanting to prepare a report on such field can have some ideas and basic guidelines. 1. 4 Limitations of the study This study has the following limitations: †¢ We had to collect the information in very short period of time so all the required information couldn’t be collected adequately. †¢ All expenses related to this project are managed by students themselves. We could not find information as the source of relevant information and data was only internet and book. The help and cooperation provided by the personal administration of the department was not sufficient. †¢ The researcher couldn’t go beyond the responses provided. Chapter 2 An introduction to IMF The IMF is the worlds central organization for international monetary cooperation. It is an organization in which almost all countries in the world work together to promote the common good. The IMFs primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to buy goods and services from each other. This is essential for sustainable economic growth and rising living standards. The IMF is an international organization of 185 member countries. It was established to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements; to foster economic growth and high levels of mployment; and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment. Since the IMF was established its purposes have remained unchanged but its operations—which involve surveillance, financial assistance, and technical assistance—have developed to meet the changing needs of its member countries in an evolving world economy. 2. 1 The origins of IMF The IMF was conceived in July 1944, when representatives of 45 governments meeting in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the northeastern United States, agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation. They believed that such a framework was necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. During that decade, attempts by countries to shore up their failing economies—by limiting imports, devaluing their currencies to compete against each other for export markets, and curtailing their citizens freedom to buy goods abroad and to hold foreign exchange—proved to be self-defeating. World trade declined sharply, and employment and living standards plummeted in many countries. Seeking to restore order to international monetary relations, the IMFs founders charged the new institution with overseeing the international monetary system to ensure exchange rate stability and encouraging member countries to eliminate exchange restrictions that hindered trade. The IMF came into existence in December 1945, when its first 29 member countries signed its Articles of Agreement. Since then, the IMF has adapted itself as often as needed to keep up with the expansion of its membership—185 countries as of June 2006—and changes in the world economy. The IMFs membership jumped sharply in the 1960s, when a large number of former colonial territories joined after gaining their independence, and again in the 1990s, when the IMF welcomed as members the countries of the former Soviet bloc upon the latters dissolution. The needs of the new developing and transition country members were different from those of the IMFs founding members, calling for the IMF to adapt its instruments. Other major challenges to which it has adapted include the end of the par value system and emergence of generalized floating exchange rates among the major currencies following the United States abandonment in 1971 of the convertibility of U. S. dollars to gold; the oil price shocks of the 1970s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s; the crises in emerging financial markets, in Mexico and Asia, in the 1990s; and the Argentine debt default of 2001. Despite the crises and challenges of the postwar years, real incomes have grown at an unprecedented rate worldwide, thanks in part to better economic policies that have spurred the growth of international trade—which has increased from about 8 percent of world GDP in 1948 to about 25 percent today—and smoothed boom-and bust cycles. But the benefits have not flowed equally to all countries or to all individuals within countries. Poverty has declined dramatically in many countries but remains entrenched in others, especially in Africa. The IMF works both independently and in collaboration with the World Bank to help its poorest member countries build the institutions and develop the policies they need to achieve sustainable economic growth and raise living standards. The IMF has continued to develop new initiatives and to reform its policies and operations to help member countries meet new challenges and to enable them to benefit from globalization and to manage and mitigate the risks associated with it. Cross-border financial flows have increased sharply in recent decades, deepening the economic integration and interdependence of countries, which has been beneficial overall although it has increased the risk of financial crisis. The emerging market countries—countries whose financial markets are in an early stage of development and international integration—of Asia and Latin America are particularly vulnerable to volatile capital flows. And crises in emerging market countries can spill over to other countries, even the richest. Particularly since the mid-1990s, the IMF has made major efforts to help countries prevent crises and to manage and resolve those that occur. Globalization, poverty, the inevitability of occasional crises in a dynamic world economy—and, no doubt, future problems impossible to foresee—make it likely that the IMF will continue to play an important role in helping countries work together for their mutual benefit for many years to come. 2. 2 Purposes of IMF †¢ To promote international cooperation by providing the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary issues †¢ To acilitate balanced growth of international trade and its expansion so as to contribute to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development for the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy. †¢ To promote exchange stability and orderly exchange arrangements among its members. †¢ To foster a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and seek elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of world trade. To provide financial resources temporarily to correct maladjustment in BOPs. †¢ To shorten the duration and magnitude of payment imbalances. 2. 3 IMF’s Organization and Operation The IMF is governed by, and is accountable to, its member countries through its Board of Governors. There is one Governor from each member country, typically the finance minister or central bank governor. The Governors usually meet once a year, in September or October, at the Annual Meetings of the IMF and the World Bank. Key policy issues related to the international monetary system are considered twice a year by a committee of Governors called the International Monetary and Financial Committee, or the IMFC. A joint committee of the Boards of Governors of the IMF and the World Bank—the Development Committee—advises and reports to the Governors on development policy and other matters of concern to developing countries. The day-to-day work of the IMF is carried out by the Executive Board, which receives its powers from the Board of Governors, and the IMFs internationally recruited staff. The Executive Board usually meets three times a week, in full-day sessions, and more often if needed, at the IMFs headquarters in Washington, D. C. Of the 24 Executive Directors on the Board, 8 are appointed by single countries—the IMFs 5 largest quota-holders (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom) and China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. The other 16 Executive Directors are elected for two-year terms by groups of countries known as constituencies. The Executive Board selects the IMFs Managing Director, who is appointed for a renewable five-year term. The Managing Director reports to the Board and serves as its chair and the chief of the IMFs staff and is assisted by a First Deputy Managing Director and two other Deputy Managing Directors. Unlike some international organizations (such as the United Nations General Assembly) that operate under a one-country-one-vote principle, the IMF has a weighted voting system. The larger a countrys quota in the IMF—determined broadly by its economic size—the more votes the country has, in addition to its basic votes, of which each member has an equal number. But the Board rarely makes decisions based on formal voting; most decisions are based on consensus. In the early 2000s, in response to changes in the weight and role of countries in the world economy, the IMF began to reexamine the distribution of quotas and voting power to ensure that all members are fairly represented. IMF employees, who come from over 140 countries, are international civil servants. Their responsibility is to the IMF, not to the national authorities of the countries of which they are citizens. About one-half of the IMFs approximately 2,700 staff members are economists. Most staff works at the IMFs Washington, D. C. , headquarters, but the IMF also has over 85 resident representatives posted in member countries around the world. In addition, it maintains offices in Brussels, Paris, and Tokyo, which are responsible for liaison with other international and regional institutions and civil society organizations, as well as in New York and Geneva, which focus on liaison with institutions in the UN system. The Geneva office is also responsible for liaison with the World Trade Organization. Evaluating the IMFs operations: In 2001, the IMFs Executive Board established the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), which reviews selected IMF operations and presents its findings to the Board and to IMF management. The IEO operates independently of management and at arms length from the Board, although the Board appoints the IEOs director. The IEO establishes its own work program, selecting operations for review based on suggestions from stakeholders inside and outside the IMF. Its recommendations strongly influence IMF policy and activity.